In the late nineteenth century
began to suspect that there might be some relationship between the smoking and
incidence of some diseases. However, the causal link of this product with
respect to various ailments not scientifically demonstrated to mid twentieth
century. At present the evidence is clear and supports the conclusion that
smoking snuff, especially cigarettes, is a causal factor and / or aggravation
of the following diseases.
Lung Cancer: The risk of
developing lung cancer is 5-20 times higher in smokers than among nonsmokers.
From 80% to 85% of lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, figures
which are very significant when taking into account that the lung cancer is
responsible for 25% of cancer deaths in general, and 5 % of deaths from all
causes.
Laryngeal Cancer: There is a
strong association between laryngeal cancer and cigarette smoking, up to 84% of
cases in men are attributable to smoking.
Esophageal Cancer: Between 75%
and 78% of esophageal cancers are due to smoking. There is a clear relationship
between the dose of cigarette and mortality associated with this type of
cancer.
Bladder Cancer: The proportion of
cases of bladder cancer that is caused by smoking varies between 40% and 60%
for men and 25% to 35% for women.
Other types of cancer: have been
associated with smoking, although less so than those already mentioned, cancers
of the mouth, pancreas, stomach and cervix.
Coronary heart disease: Refers to
the obstruction of the blood vessels of the heart and result in serious
problems such as angina or heart infarcts. An estimated 30% to 40% of deaths
from coronary heart disease depend on cigarette smoking, and so this habit
becomes the main modifiable risk factor for this disease. There is a clear
relationship between dose (age at which smoking began, number of cigarettes per
day, exposure time and depth of inhalation) and the risk of death from this
disease. Furthermore, exposure to smoking increases the harmful effects of
other factors exert disease like diabetes and excessive blood cholesterol.
Cerebrovascular disease: The
smoker has twice as likely to have a stroke, this risk is greater in the group
of young smokers. In women using oral contraceptives smokers the opportunity to
submit pictures thromboembolic (blood clots detachment toward certain vital
organs of the body) and subarachnoid hemorrhage, increased to 20 times.
Peripheral arterial occlusive
disease: This disease is progressive occlusion of a blood vessel, most often in
the legs, and may lead to suspension of blood circulation to the area and the
loss of the limb. Smoking is the main factor that predisposes to this condition.
If the patient has diabetes addition, vessel occlusion may occur much earlier
and be more severe.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD): COPD is manifested in two main forms: chronic bronchitis and
phlegm coughing persistently, and emphysema, which generates lung destruction
and progressive respiratory distress. Arguably the practical heritage of COPD
is smoking, both in the form of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema in.
In the heavy smoker the possibility of COPD is 30 times higher than in the
non-smoker. Between 80% and 90% of deaths due to COPD are caused by smoking.
Additionally, smoking accelerates the deterioration of lung function, with
increased frequency of symptoms such as cough, sputum, shortness of breath and
wheezing. Furthermore, increasing the number of people with acute respiratory
diseases.
Peptic Ulcer: There is an
increased risk of developing it in the smoker, also slows healing and increases
the chance of relapse of the disease.
Effects on pregnancy: There is a
clear relationship between cigarette smoking and facts as intrauterine growth
retardation, spontaneous abortion, premature birth, stillbirth and neonatal
alterations in physical and mental development of the infant and sudden death
in infancy. Furthermore, a relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked
and the possibility of the presence of placental and prolonged premature
rupture of membranes.
Passive smoking risks: The
children of parents who smoke have a higher frequency of respiratory symptoms
and diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia and asthma. In adults involuntary
exposure is associated with symptoms such as eye irritation, runny nose,
headache and cough. In allergic individuals exposed to cigarette smoke triggers
or worsens the symptoms of the disease. Chronic, greatly lessens the role of
the small airways. In addition, passive smoking is likely one and half times
higher lung cancer present that the person is not exposed to smoke.
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